The ontological argument, first articulated by St. Anselm of Canterbury in the 11th century, is one of the most enduring attempts to prove the existence of God through reason alone. Its central claim is that the concept of God as a being “than which nothing greater can be conceived” necessitates God’s existence. According to Anselm, […]
In his seminal 1963 paper, Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?, Edmund Gettier fundamentally challenged the long-standing definition of knowledge, which had been widely accepted in epistemology since at least the time of Plato. According to the justified true belief (JTB) theory, knowledge requires three necessary and jointly sufficient conditions: (1) the proposition must be true, […]
Abstract Dialetheism, the view that some contradictions are true, challenges one of the cornerstones of classical logic: the principle of non-contradiction. This paper offers an introduction to dialetheism, exploring its philosophical underpinnings, implications, and potential justifications. It analyzes the motivations for adopting dialetheism, including paradoxes in formal systems and real-world inconsistencies. Critiques of dialetheism, rooted […]
Abstract This paper explores the intricate relationship between consciousness and spacetime as informed by Einstein’s theory of relativity and philosophical perspectives on existence. We consider whether consciousness, as part of the universe, exists eternally in the same manner as spacetime. Through a detailed examination of the scientific foundations of spacetime, the temporal nature of consciousness, […]
Abstract This paper examines the philosophical implications of Saul Kripke’s interpretation of Wittgenstein’s rule-following paradox for artificial intelligence (AI). Central to this analysis is the question of whether AI systems, which operate through pre-programmed rules and machine learning models, can genuinely “follow rules” or if their operations are merely sophisticated simulations of rule-following behavior. Drawing […]
Trevor Teitel’s paper explores the philosophical foundations of spacetime substantivalism, a position in the philosophy of physics that asserts spacetime points (or regions) exist as independent entities, not just as relations between material objects. His focus is on a technical issue involving modal questions—questions about what is metaphysically possible or necessary regarding spacetime and its […]